GAIN Report: Greece - Cotton and Products Annual

GAIN Report: Greece - Cotton and Products Annual

Prepared By:     Dimosthenis Faniadis 

Approved By:    Charles   Rush 

Report Highlights:   

In MY 2020/21, cotton production is estimated at 1.4 million 480 lb. bales, down 16.4 percent from the previous season due to a decrease in area planted, unfavorable weather conditions during harvest, and average yields.  Greece is a major cotton exporter.  Turkey was the main destination in MY 2019/20, accounting for approximately 52 percent of all exports. 

Cotton Lint  

 

Table 1: Production, Supply, and Demand (1000 480 lb. Bales)

 

2019/2020 

2020/2021 

2021/2022 

Cotton 

 

Market Year Begin: Aug 2019 

Market Year Begin: Aug 2020 

Market Year Begin: Aug 2021 

USDA 

Official 

New Post 

USDA 

Official 

New Post 

USDA 

Official 

New Post 

Area Harvested 

285

285

              270

              276

 

260

Beginning Stocks 

65

65

              198

              197

 

146

Production  

1,675

1,675

           1,400

           1,400

 

1,333

Imports  

30

31

                30

                29

 

33

Total Supply  

1,770

1,771

           1,628

           1,626

 

1,512

Exports  

1,467

1,469

           1,350

           1,350

 

1,280

Use 

80

80

                90

                90

 

90

Loss 

25

25

                25

                40

 

25

Total Dom. Cons.   

105

105

              115

              130

 

115

Ending Stocks 

198

197

              163

              146

 

117

Total Distribution 

1,770

1,771

           1,628

           1,626

 

1,512

(1000 HA), 1000 480 lb. Bales  

 

 

Source:  FAS estimates based on Greek industry contacts

 

 

 









 

 

Production 

 

Greece’s MY 2020/21 cotton production is estimated at 1.4 million 480 lb. bales, down 16.4 percent from the previous season due to a decrease in area planted, unfavorable weather conditions during harvest, and average yields.   MY 2020/21 cotton acreage decreased 3.1 percent, registering 276,000 ha.  Area planted to cotton in MY2021/22 is expected to further decrease at approximately 5.5 percent in favor of sunflower, durum wheat and corn cultivation.    

 

In addition to weather conditions, Medicane Ianos was a rare Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone that impacted Greece September 17-20, 2020.  Due to extensive rainfall caused by Ianos, many areas of the Thessaly region were flooded.   Extensive damage was reported in the farming areas of Farsala, Mouzaki and Karditsa.  Cotton lint loss increased also as a result of the unusual weather event. 

 

The Ministry of Rural Development and Food granted cotton farmers eight special exemptions for acaricides, three for fungicides and four for herbicides for use within March and December 2020.    

 

Greek ginning companies have high production capacity, as most of the ginning units were built in the 

1990s, but cotton production has significantly decreased since then.  Nearly 80 percent of the companies are privately owned while the remainder are cooperatives.  Greece’s financial crisis has negatively affected the cotton market, creating greater risk and uncertainty.  Without help from banks, many ginners and cooperatives cannot afford to store their stocks.  There is also debate concerning the survival of cooperatives accustomed to receiving large agricultural loans that are no longer available.  Ginners generally do not contract with growers but compete with each other to purchase the crop.   

 

Consumption 

  

The consumption of domestic spinners is approximately 10 percent of lint production and the remainder is exported.   The supply of ginned cotton is fragmented.  Most spinners are export oriented due to demand from foreign markets.  About 55 percent of cottonseed production is crushed for oil and oilseed cake or retained for seed.  Cottonseed meal is used for feed for sheep and goat livestock; cottonseed oil is traditionally used in foods and snack-food manufacturing industries or converted into biodiesel.   

 

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the European textile and apparel industry like never before. Textile and clothing production has been reduced to the minimum and in some cases has been discontinued.  Nevertheless, companies are contributing to the fight by manufacturing face masks, gowns, and other protective garments. According to the Hellenic Association of Textile Industries (SEVK), the Greek textile industry has been suffering from increased third-country imports (mainly from China, Pakistan, and Turkey).   This has affected the sector in Greece, forcing many small Greek companies to shut down.  According to the Hellenic Fashion Industry Association (SEPEE), the pandemic has also affected the textile manufacturing industry with total turnover in 2020 down approximately 30 percent, and retail sales down 23 percent.   Cotton yarn exports in 2020 decreased by 31.8 percent, mostly due to decreased exports to Italy and Germany, while imports decreased slightly at 

5.7 percent with the main suppliers being Turkey, Bulgaria, India, and Egypt.   

 

Trade  

  

Greece is a major cotton exporter.   In the absence of a strong domestic demand, exports remain the preeminent channel for Greece’s cotton lint production.  In MY 2021/22, exports are forecasted to decrease by approximately 5.2 percent due to lower production.  Cotton lint exports during MY 2019/20 increased by 8.3 percent driven by higher production but are expected to reduce by 8.1 percent in MY 2020/21.  Export data show a decrease of 14.3 percent in the first half of MY 2020/21 due to lower production and demand drop as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.  Turkey was the main destination, representing 51.6 percent of total exports, followed by Egypt (17.8 percent), Indonesia (7.5 percent), and Bangladesh (6.3 percent).   Generally, only small amounts of cotton are imported for blending by the domestic spinning industry.   

 

 

 

Graph 1.  Greece’s Cotton Lint Exports in MY2019/20 (percent %)  



 

Table 2: Cotton Lint Exports (480 lb. bales)  

  

Aug-Jul 17/18 

Aug-Jul 18/19 

Aug-Jul 19/20 

EU-27  

50,273

50,180

               56,543

Germany

25,091

21,433

               28,059

Netherlands

0

13,674

                 9,323

France

12,036

1,811

                 7,848

Italy

7,560

7,923

                 6,652

Extra EU-27 

1,025,918

1,305,671

          1,412,324

Turkey

479,999

451,959

             758,513

Egypt

220,488

238,175

             261,346

Indonesia  

85,071

144,992

             110,630

Bangladesh

45,683

82,720

               91,812

Vietnam

21,823

60,315

               47,501

Pakistan

38,709

56,692

               46,395

China

33,063

151,023

               38,211

World   

1,076,191

1,355,851

          1,468,867

Source: TDM (Trade Data Monitor) 

 

 

Table 3: Cotton Lint Imports (480 lb. bales) 

  

Aug-Jul 17/18 

Aug-Jul 18/19 

Aug-Jul 19/20 

EU-27 

6,621

8,607

                 8,095

Bulgaria

5,607

3,506

                 6,684

Spain

4

2

                 1,397

Italy

22

57

                      13

Extra EU-27  

23,010

22,131

               23,394

Turkey  

13,434

15,015

               13,956

Pakistan

1,818

1,090

                 3,799

United States

0

139

                 2,155

World 

29,631

30,738

               31,489

Source: TDM 

 

Policy

 

The future of the cotton sector in Greece is directly related to the subsidy scheme and the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).  In June 2018, the European Commission presented legislative proposals on the CAP for the period 2021-27.  Due to ongoing negotiations between the European Parliament and the Council of the EU, the provisional start date of the proposed CAP reform has been delayed to January 2023.  In order to allow for continued payments to farmers and other CAP beneficiaries, a transitional regulation has been introduced for 2021 and 2022.  In October 2018, the Ministry of Rural Development and Food announced that the digital transformation of Greek agriculture project, the first national digital agriculture infrastructure in Europe, has received EU approval.  The project is designed to cover half of the arable land in Greece, approximately 15 million acres and 20 of the country’s most exported crops, including cotton.   The data will be classified into a data warehouse in cloud infrastructures where it will be processed to provide tailored services to meet the needs of each producer.   

 

According to the CAP, the allocation of direct payments dedicated to coupled support depends upon the choices made by Member States.  The crop-specific payment for cotton is a coupled payment granted per hectare of eligible area of cotton.  The area is only eligible if it is located on Greek agricultural land authorized for cotton production, planted with certified varieties and harvested under normal growing conditions.  Additionally, the Ministry of Rural Development and Food publishes an annual list in the Government Gazette that sets the minimum amounts of cotton delivered to ginners in order to receive the subsidy.  Three categories of producers are identified according to the size of the land cultivated:  cotton producers with less than 10 hectares; cotton producers with 10-15 hectares; and cotton producers with more than 15 hectares.  Producers with less than 10 hectares receive the basic area payment (70 percent) and a green aid (30 percent). Producers that cultivate an area from 10-15 hectares need to follow different rules to obtain the green aid.   These farmers must cultivate at least two crops with the main crop not exceeding 75 percent of the total cultivated area.  Producers with more than 15 hectares must also maintain an “ecological focus area”, equivalent to at least 5 percent of the total arable area of the farm.  The ecological focus area can be cultivated with alfalfa, legumes, vetch (Vicia sativa plant), or left uncultivated. The second pillar is focused on increasing competitiveness and innovation and managing climate change and the environment.  Its purpose is to set the EU’s rural development policy.   

Textile products 

 

Table 4: Cotton Yarn Imports (480 lb. bales)  

     

2018 

2019 

2020 

EU-27 

6,986

7,482

                     4,598

Bulgaria  

4,083

5,038

                     3,527

Germany

528

592

                        253

Italy 

207

386

                        248

Portugal

161

225

                        220

Extra EU-27 

22,124

21,789

                   23,006

Turkey

18,638

18,900

                   19,290

India

2,448

2,269

                     3,233

Egypt

836

372

                        331

Pakistan

161

129

                        115

World 

29,110

29,271

                   27,604

Source: TDM 

 

Table 5: Cotton Yarn Exports (480 lb. bales)  

     

2018 

2019 

2020 

EU-27

39,793

29,978

                   20,838

Germany

11,960

10,238

                     8,676

Austria

3,178

3,293

                     4,060

Italy

8,387

5,695

                     2,976

Bulgaria

3,716

3,045

                     2,710

Extra EU-27 

3,656

2,765

                     1,479

Switzerland

2182

1924

                      1240

Turkey

675

514

                          96

Tunisia

294

87

                          69

World

43,449

32,743

                   22,317

Source: TDM 

 

Table 6: Cotton Fabric Imports (480 lb. bales)   

     

2018 

2019 

2020 

EU-27 

3,913

2,751

                     3,334

Italy

1,768

1,346

                     1,043

Bulgaria

400

390

                        427

Lithuania

9

5

                        418

Cyprus

78

5

                        363

Extra EU-27 

13,885

16,043

                   10,959

Pakistan

5,470

5,195

                     3,766

China

6,035

8,414

                     3,734

Turkey

1,929

2,108

                     2,228

Indonesia

0

0

                        804

World

17,798

18,794

                   14,293

Source: TDM 

 

Table 7: Cotton Fabric Exports (480 lb. bales)   

     

2018 

2019 

2020 

EU-27

5,369

6,770

                     4,005

Italy

3,734

5,048

                     2,825

Bulgaria

1,309

1,116

                        707

Romania

46

184

                        211

Extra EU-27 

1,663

1,341

                     1,341

Turkey

455

537

                        721

Albania

749

528

                        432

North Macedonia

308

243

                        115

World 

7,032

8,111

                     5,346

Source: TDM 

 

 

 

Abbreviations and Definitions Used in this Report 

 

The PSD tables are prepared based on an August 1 to July 31 marketing year. 

HS codes considered for Lint Cotton trade data: 5201 

HS codes considered for Yarn Cotton trade data: 5204, 5205, 5207  

HS codes considered for Fabric Cotton trade data: 5208, 5209 

 

EU European Union  

Ha hectare; 1 ha = 2.471 acres 

MT Metric ton = 1,000 kg 

1 MT = 4.593 480 lb. bales 

480 lb. bale equivalent to 218 kg bale 

 

Source: USDA-FAS
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